【People's Education Press】High School Chemistry Compulsory Course Second Volume

📚 Content Summary

This textbook is the second volume of the compulsory chemistry course for general high schools. It primarily covers non-metal elements and their compounds, energy changes and reaction rate limits in chemical reactions, foundational organic chemistry, and the relationship between chemistry and sustainable development, aiming to cultivate students' core chemistry competencies.

Explore the mysteries of matter transformation and master the foundations of modern industrial chemistry and organic chemistry.

Author: Chemistry Curriculum Research and Development Center, Institute of Curriculum and Textbooks, People's Education Press

Acknowledgments: Approved by the National Textbook Committee Expert Committee in 2019

🎯 Learning Objectives

1. Master core substance properties: Describe the physical properties and key chemical properties of sulfur, sulfur dioxide, sulfuric acid, nitrogen gas, ammonia, nitric acid, silicon, and silicon dioxide.
2. Understand chemical transformation patterns: Write relevant chemical equations and ionic equations, and grasp the logical relationships among substances with different oxidation states of sulfur and nitrogen.
3. Laboratory and application skills: Master testing methods for sulfate and ammonium ions; understand the refining of crude salt and the classification and characteristics of inorganic non-metallic materials.
4. Understand the essence of energy changes from a chemical bonding perspective, and identify and distinguish exothermic and endothermic reactions.
5. Comprehend the working principles of primary cells and fuel cells, and know the essential components of a primary cell.
6. Master methods for expressing reaction rates, and use the method of controlled variables to investigate the effects of concentration, temperature, and catalysts on reaction rates.
7. Grasp structural patterns: Identify types of carbon skeletons in organic compounds, understand isomerism, and construct simple organic molecules using ball-and-stick models.
8. Understand reaction mechanisms: Differentiate between substitution and addition reactions, and comprehend how functional groups (such as hydroxyl, carboxyl, ester groups) determine the properties of organic compounds.
9. Connect to life sciences: Understand the composition, properties, and hydrolysis patterns of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats, and recognize the applications of organic chemistry in life sciences and materials science.
10. Master the principles and methods of metal extraction, and select appropriate development strategies based on metal reactivity.

🔹 Lesson 1: Chapter 5 – Important Non-Metals in Chemical Production

Overview: This chapter focuses on the properties, transformations, and applications of important non-metals such as sulfur, nitrogen, and silicon and their compounds. By studying their cycles in nature, industrial production processes, and roles in new materials, students will develop the core chemistry competency of "structure–property–application."

Learning Outcomes:

• Master core substance properties: Describe the physical properties and key chemical properties of sulfur, sulfur dioxide, sulfuric acid, nitrogen gas, ammonia, nitric acid, silicon, and silicon dioxide.
• Understand chemical transformation patterns: Write relevant chemical equations and ionic equations, and grasp the logical relationships among substances with different oxidation states of sulfur and nitrogen.
• Laboratory and application skills: Master testing methods for sulfate and ammonium ions; understand the refining of crude salt and the classification and characteristics of inorganic non-metallic materials.

🔹 Lesson 2: Chapter 6 – Energy Changes, Reaction Rates, and Limits in Chemical Reactions

Overview: This chapter delves into the fundamental driving forces and process characteristics of chemical reactions. Topics include energy transformations in chemical reactions, the relationship between chemical bonds and energy changes, measures of reaction speed and its influencing factors, and the discussion of chemical equilibrium and control of reaction conditions.

Learning Outcomes:

• Understand the essence of energy changes from a chemical bonding perspective, and identify and distinguish exothermic and endothermic reactions.
• Comprehend the working principles of primary cells and fuel cells, and know the essential components of a primary cell.
• Master methods for expressing reaction rates, and use the method of controlled variables to investigate the effects of concentration, temperature, and catalysts on reaction rates.

🔹 Lesson 3: Chapter 7 – Structure, Properties of Organic Compounds, and Basic Substances of Life

Overview: This chapter aims to guide students into the world of organic chemistry. Starting from the bonding characteristics of carbon atoms, it progresses from simple hydrocarbons to common hydrocarbon derivatives, and finally extends to the four major basic nutrients essential for life. Through the logical thread of structure determining properties, students will learn about organic compound classification, functional group concepts, and core reaction types.

Learning Outcomes:

• Grasp structural patterns: Identify types of carbon skeletons in organic compounds, understand isomerism, and construct simple organic molecules using ball-and-stick models.
• Understand reaction mechanisms: Differentiate between substitution and addition reactions, and comprehend how functional groups (hydroxyl, carboxyl, ester groups, etc.) determine the properties of organic compounds.
• Connect to life sciences: Understand the composition, properties, and hydrolysis patterns of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats, and recognize the applications of organic chemistry in life sciences and materials science.

🔹 Lesson 4: Chapter 8 – Chemistry and the Development of Natural Resources, Environmental Protection, and Sustainable Development

Overview: This chapter explores the central role of chemistry in the development and utilization of natural resources. By analyzing industrial production processes, rational use of chemicals, and the principles of green chemistry, it guides students toward developing resource conservation awareness and understanding chemistry’s critical role in achieving sustainable development.

Learning Outcomes:

• Master the principles and methods of metal extraction, and select appropriate development strategies based on metal reactivity.
• Understand the integrated utilization processes and related chemical reactions of seawater resources (salt, bromine, magnesium, iodine).
• Distinguish between the integrated utilization methods of coal, petroleum, and natural gas, and differentiate core processing techniques such as distillation, cracking, and pyrolysis.